![]() ![]() For example, the word ghost was spelled gost in Middle English, until the Flemish spelling pattern was unintentionally substituted, and happened to be accepted. This is partly due to the large number of words that have been borrowed from a large number of other languages throughout the history of English, without successful attempts at complete spelling reforms, and partly due to accidents of history, such as some of the earliest mass-produced English publications being typeset by highly trained, multilingual printing compositors, who occasionally used a spelling pattern more typical for another language. However, unlike with most languages, there are multiple ways to spell every phoneme, and most letters also represent multiple pronunciations depending on their position in a word and the context. This standardisation began to develop when movable type spread to England in the late 15th century. Like the orthography of most world languages, English orthography has a broad degree of standardisation. It includes English's norms of spelling, hyphenation, capitalisation, word breaks, emphasis, and punctuation. ![]() Part of a series on theĮnglish orthography is the writing system used to represent spoken English, allowing readers to connect the graphemes to sound and to meaning. For the distinction between, / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). ![]()
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